Le lien qui change la vie entre l'anxiété et la tension musculaire
L'anxiété est considérée comme un trouble psychologique, mais elle implique en fait de nombreux systèmes du corps. L'anxiété est une véritable condition "somatique": elle est généralement provoquée et aggravée non par une source externe comme un virus, mais par notre fonctionnement psychologique et physiologique interne.
For many people, chronic muscle tension plays a large role in anxiety. It may not surprise you that psychological stress causes muscle tension, but it goes the other way as well: muscle tension causes psychological stress.
This is good news—it means that by reducing your muscle tension, you can relieve your anxiety. For many people, reducing chronic muscle tension is a critical part in recovery from anxiety and related conditions.
“I have always been prone to anxiety, but in the past three years, I have had terrible anxiety over even the simplest of things, and these somatic movements have cured my anxiety well past ninety percent in just these few weeks. I suddenly have not only better control over my body but over my emotions as well.”
Dans ce post, je vais vous expliquer :
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Que se passe-t-il lorsque nous ressentons du stress
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Comment le stress se transforme en anxiété
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Comment l'anxiété et la tension musculaire s'engendrent et s'aggravent mutuellement
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Comment se remettre de l'anxiété en réduisant la tension musculaire, en abordant d'autres facteurs physiologiques, en participant à une thérapie par la parole, en prenant le contrôle et en explorant vos réactions habituelles au stress
Que se passe-t-il pendant notre réponse naturelle au stress
L'Homo sapiens moderne évolue depuis au moins 300,000 ans. Pendant la majeure partie de cette période, nous avons vécu un mode de vie nomade de chasseurs-cueilleurs, nous déplaçant avec les saisons et suivant nos sources de nourriture. La vie quotidienne était axée sur la survie physique : trouver de la nourriture, prévenir et guérir des blessures et se défendre contre les attaques. Nous avons évolué pour gérer de manière experte ces facteurs de stress aigus, accélérant automatiquement certains systmes corporels pour aider à combattre le facteur de stress et revenant automatiquement à un fonctionnement normal lorsque la source de stress a disparu.
Lorsque nous percevons une menace pour notre survie, notre système nerveux sympathique réagit avec la réponse "combat ou fuite", créant temporairement un humain surpuissant capable de soulever des objets lourds et de sprinter plus vite que jamais auparavant pour distancer un attaquant.
The stress response speeds up our blood flow, breathing, and production of energy for muscles. Our blood thickens, beginning the clotting process so that we don’t bleed to death if injured. Our muscles tense as they ready for action, and postural reflexes prepare us to either stand up and defend ourselves or curl up into a ball. Our body releases endorphins so that pain or injury won’t slow us down. Functions of our body that are not essential for fighting or fleeing, like digestion, immune response, and sexual arousal are inhibited to allow our body to devote itself fully to surviving the stressful event.
Puis tout aussi rapidement, dès que nous pensons que la source de stress a disparu, notre système nerveux parasympathique commande automatiquement aux fonctions de notre corps de revenir à la normale. Le rythme cardiaque et la respiration ralentissent, les muscles se détendent et les systèmes digestif, immunitaire et reproducteur reprennent leur travail.
Evolution prepared us extremely well for chasing down our dinner and defending against attack. But over the past 10,000 years or so, since our development of agriculture provided us with a reliable source of food and allowed us to settle down in one place, our sources of stress have changed. Once our basic needs are met, our sources of stress shift from the physical—those that directly affect our survival—to the psychological.
Unfortunately, emotional, social, and financial problems trigger our stress response in the same way that physical stressors do. It all comes down to perception; if we perceive something to be a threat, our stress response is activated. But unlike acute physical stress, from which we are quite adept at recovering, psychological stress stays in our minds and constantly activates our stress response.
Our blood pressure remains elevated and our blood stays thick, increasing our chances of clots, strokes, and heart attacks. We habitually take shallow breaths, inflating our chest instead of our lower belly, and we find ourselves short of breath. Our muscles stay tight all the time, ready for action. These chronically contracted muscles use a great deal of energy, causing us to feel fatigued. Stress hormones keep the immune system suppressed and blood sugar levels high, leading to brain-cell death. In the end, our response to psychological stress usually causes more damage than any of the sources of stress could have caused in the first place.
Qu'est-ce que l'anxiété ?
Repeated activation of our stress response can lead to generalized anxiety disorder, a mood disorder characterized by excessive worry, nervous behavior, irritability, restlessness, fatigue, difficulty concentrating, muscle tension, and insomnia.
Les personnes qui souffrent d'anxiété chronique sont dans un état de stress accru qui ne disparaît jamais. Ils sont toujours nerveux, s'inquiétant de choses qui n'arriveront probablement jamais.
Both anxiety and chronic muscle tension are conditions of the nervous system in which our reactions have become habituated to the level that they are not under our conscious, voluntary control—that’s why they feel so uncontrollable and unchangeable. Unbalanced levels of hormones and neurotransmitters make anxiety all the more challenging to overcome. Conscious intervention, retraining of the nervous system, and commitment to healthy lifestyle habits are all necessary to truly eliminate both anxiety and muscle tension.
“Somatics has totally transformed my life. It started with back and anxiety problems. After my first class I didn’t want to move. I felt totally at ease and peace. I wasn’t anxious and my back pain was almost nonexistent. After a couple weeks of classes my back pain had subsided. After that I started doing the Level One and Level Two courses here and my body and mind has never felt better. I practice every single day, almost every morning but always every night. It has helped not only my back pain but has completely calmed my nervous system. Between my regular yoga practice and somatic movement my anxiety has completely disappeared.“
Comment l'anxiété provoque des tensions musculaires, et vice versa
We’ve already learned that anxiety causes our natural stress response to be constantly activated, and that our muscles contract as part of our stress response. When we experience anxiety, our neuromuscular system never gets a chance to recover or return to normal. Our heart rate remains elevated and our muscles retain a higher than normal level of tension.
Voici une leçon rapide sur ce qui se passe dans vos muscles lorsqu'ils sont tendus tout le temps :
Lorsque nos muscles sont constamment contractés, nos cellules sont obligées de créer de l'énergie pour nos muscles par le processus du métabolisme anaérobie. Dans ce processus, le glucose est synthétisé en adénosine triphosphate (ATP) sans l'aide d'oxygène, et l'acide lactique est produit comme déchet.
L'acide lactique est souvent accusé de douleurs musculaires, mais en fait, notre corps décompose rapidement l'acide lactique en ions lactate et hydrogène. Une accumulation d'ions hydrogène, qui activent nos récepteurs de la douleur, est probablement la cause de la douleur sourde et de la sensation de brûlure que nous ressentons dans nos muscles pendant un exercice intense.
And a buildup of lactate is linked to anxiety. Not surprisingly, studies show that people with anxiety have higher resting levels of muscle tension, react to stress with stronger muscle contractions, and return to their baseline level of tension more slowly than control subjects. As a result of their increased muscle tension, levels of lactate in the blood are higher in anxiety patients.
But what is quite interesting is that this physiological loop goes both ways. We can actually make ourselves anxious, and even induce panic attacks, by injecting lactate into our bloodstream. So not only does anxiety increase muscle tension, but chronic muscular contraction and increased lactate levels can cause anxiety, creating a vicious cycle.
Perfectly healthy people experience increased muscle tension when they feel stress. One study found that simply having to complete word and math problems in a research lab increased the muscle tension of test subjects. In another experiment, subjects were given a picture and asked to tell a story about it. While they told their stories, their muscle tension increased because they experienced a little bit of anxiety, just as most of us would when performing in front of other people. When they finished, half of the subjects were praised for doing a good job on the task. Their muscle tension dropped back to normal levels. The other half of the subjects were criticized for their poor performance, and their muscle tension remained higher than normal—until they were reassured by a different researcher that they had actually done a good job.
Mental activity alone, not just psychological stress, is enough to increase muscle tension. Edmund Jacobson, a physician and psychologist, conducted a number of studies in the 1920s and 1930s using an electromyograph (EMG) to observe the correlation between thought and muscle tension. He developed a technique called “progressive relaxation” to guide his subjects through a process of contracting and releasing their muscles one by one. As the subjects’ muscular tension decreased, their mental activity decreased as well. Once relaxed, it was quite easy to see the elevations in muscle tension that occurred when the subjects were instructed to think about specific things.
Les recherches de Jacobson ont prouvé que l'activité mentale s'accompagnait toujours d'une augmentation de la tension musculaire, et que la réduction de la tension musculaire avait pour effet immédiat de diminuer l'activité mentale et l'activité globale du système nerveux central.
Our level of psychological stress and the way that we process it exists on a spectrum. A moderate amount of worry triggers our stress response to a lesser degree than a diagnosable anxiety condition would. Unfortunately, it’s surprisingly easy to get used to an increased level of muscle tension and heart rate and to be completely unaware that your baseline level of stress is elevated.
Comment se remettre de l'anxiété
Dans des conditions somatiques comme l'anxiété, notre fonctionnement physiologique joue un rôle tout aussi important que notre fonctionnement psychologique. Une approche de traitement réussie doit aborder la tension musculaire chronique, le régime alimentaire, l'exercice, les sources de stress psychologique, ainsi que nos schémas de pensée habituels et nos réactions au stress.
1. Relâchez vos tensions musculaires avec Somatiques Cliniques.
While many people start practicing Clinical Somatics exercises to relieve muscle and joint pain, the exercises also have the immediate effect of calming the nervous system.
An advantage of treating your anxiety by practicing these exercises is that it gives you an active way to approach your condition—you’re doing something, rather than thinking about things or trying to force yourself to relax. You’ll also get a break from thinking about your worries because the extreme slowness of Clinical Somatics exercises demands complete focus; it’s literally impossible to think about anything else.
2. Régulez vos hormones de stress, vos neurotransmetteurs, votre humeur et votre niveau d'énergie avec de saines habitudes de vie :
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Get regular aerobic exercise (Spark by John Ratey is a must-read!)
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Spend time outdoors every day
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Commit to a regular dormir Programme
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Limitez la caféine à une portion par jour (dans la première moitié de la journée) ou éliminez complètement
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Limitez l'alcool à une portion par jour ou éliminez complètement
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Réduisez votre consommation de sucre
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Eat a healthy, well-balanced, whole-food diet
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Look into possible nutrient deficiencies and food intolerances
3. Participez à une thérapie par la parole.
Rien ne remplace le fait de parler à haute voix de ce qui vous dérange. La peur empêche souvent les personnes souffrant d'anxiété de demander de l'aide aux autres. Si vous avez peur de parler à quelqu'un, sachez que littéralement des centaines de millions de personnes souffrent comme vous, et elles ont toutes peur aussi. Vaincre la peur vous aidera à surmonter votre condition et à aller de l'avant. Il est beaucoup plus facile de résoudre vos problèmes lorsque vous êtes en mesure d'en parler avec un expert. Si vous n'êtes pas à l'aise de parler à quelqu'un en personne ou d'aller à un groupe de soutien, il existe d'autres options comme les services de thérapie par SMS, téléphone et chat vidéo.
4. Prendre le contrôle.
Pour les personnes souffrant d'anxiété, retrouver un sentiment de contrôle sur leur vie est une partie importante du rétablissement. Si vous êtes anxieux, prenez quelques minutes pour noter toutes vos sources de stress. Examinez chaque élément et déterminez comment en prendre le contrôle. Cela peut signifier apporter des modifications à votre horaire de travail ou à vos attentes professionnelles, résoudre des problèmes dans une relation ou faire face à des problèmes financiers difficiles.
Si vous vous retrouvez à trouver des excuses pour expliquer pourquoi vous ne pouvez pas apporter les modifications nécessaires, n'oubliez pas :
1. Il existe une solution à chaque problème.
2. Votre anxiété s'aggravera si vous n'agissez pas.
3. Vous êtes le seul à pouvoir effectuer ces modifications. Personne d'autre ne peut le faire pour vous.
If you can’t figure out how to take control of your sources of stress, ask someone else to look at the list and give you an objective opinion. It can be difficult to see your problems objectively when you’ve been stuck in them for so long. While you can’t control everything in life, it’s important to regain a sense of control over the things you actually can change—like your behavior, choices, job, relationships, and financial situation.
5. Commencez à remarquer vos schémas de pensée habituels et vos réactions au stress.
In addition to taking control over the sources of stress in your life, you’ll also need to think about how you might be creating stress for yourself. For many of us, the underlying cause of our stress is habitual thought patterns. Do you perceive situations to be stressful when in reality they aren’t that big of a deal? Do you spend a great deal of time worrying and creating unnecessary stress in your mind?
Our thoughts are simply electrochemical reactions, consisting of messages sent between neurons. Repeat the same thought over and over, and the neural pathways involved in that thought get stronger. Our thoughts can trigger the release of neuropeptides that travel through our body, creating physiological responses, changing the structure of cells, and even altering our DNA, leading to accelerated aging and increased rates of cancer and heart disease.
We are the only beings on the planet who have the ability to change our thought patterns and to choose how we interpret situations. If we perceive a situation to be stressful, our stress response is triggered. We also influence how we’ll react in the future by worrying about potentially stressful situations ahead of time. If you find yourself worrying and stressing before anything bad happens, you must learn to break that pattern or you’ll continue to suffer the ill effects of unnecessary stress.
You may not feel like you can choose how you react because your responses and thought patterns have become habitual. But remember that your nervous system is plastic—you can retrain your thought patterns, and you can change how you react to potentially stressful situations.
Au cours de votre vie quotidienne, notez ce qui se passe lorsque vous ressentez du stress :
Votre pouls s'accélère ?
Prenez-vous des respirations superficielles ?
Vos pensées deviennent-elles obsédées par la situation stressante ?
Votre posture change-t-elle ?
Vos muscles deviennent tendus ?
Le stress affecte-t-il la façon dont vous réagissez aux choses non stressantes ?
Évacuez-vous le stress de votre famille, de vos amis ou de vos collègues ?
Once you’ve begun to notice your habitual reactions to stress, you can begin to change them. When you feel stress, take a deep breath into your lower belly, hold it for a few seconds, and exhale as slowly as you can. Breathing slowly and deeply like this (known as diaphragmatic breathing) stops your body’s stress response and triggers your parasympathetic nervous system.
Ensuite, analysez votre situation et regardez-la objectivement. Pouvez-vous trouver un moyen de rester détendu et de faire face à la situation ?
It takes time and conscious effort to retrain your habitual thought patterns and reactions, but it’s worth it. Try it today: Notice one potentially stressful situation that you encounter, take a deep breath, and try to relax and turn it into a neutral or even a positive experience. Practice this every day and soon you’ll find that your new pattern of reacting to events has become habitual, and you’ll feel much less stress overall in your life.
If you want to relieve your anxiety with Clinical Somatics exercises, the best place to start is with the Level One Course.
If you want to learn more about how our stress response affects our muscle tension, posture, and movement, read Sarah’s book Le Secret du Soulagement de la Douleur.
Les références:
1. Cowley, D.S.; Dager, S.R.; McClellan, J.; Roy-Byrne, P.P.; & Dunner, D.L. (août 1988). Response to lactate infusion in generalized anxiety disorder. Biological Psychiatry, 24(4): 409-14. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3408758
2. Hazlett, R.L.; McLeod, D.R.; & Hoehn-Saric, R. (mars 1994). Muscle tension in generalized anxiety disorder: Elevated muscle tonus or agitated movement? Psychophysiology, 31(2), 189-195. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01039.x
3. Lundberg, U. et al. (décembre 1994). Psychophysiological stress and EMG activity of the trapezius muscle. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 1(4), 354-370. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1207%2Fs15327558ijbm0104_5
4. Maddock, R.J.; Buonocore, M.H.; Copeland, L.E.; & Richards, A.L. (mai 2009). Elevated brain lactate responses to neural activation in panic disorder: a dynamic 1H-MRS study. Journal of Molecular Psychiatry, 14(5): 537-45. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18180759
5. Sainsbury, P. & Gibson, J.G. (août 1954). Symptoms of Anxiety and Tension and the Accompanying Physiological Changes in the Muscular System. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, & Psychiatry, 17(3), 216-224. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC503186
6. Sajdyk, T.J. & Shekhar, A. (avril 2000). Sodium lactate elicits anxiety in rats after repeated GABA receptor blockade in the basolateral amygdala. European Journal of Pharmacology, Volume 394, Issues 2–3, 265-273. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001429990000128X